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ERIC as a Resource for the Teacher Researcher. ERIC Digest.

This digest outlines salient characteristics of teacher-led research and its benefits. This overview is followed by discussion of selected resources for teacher researchers, which are available through the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).

WHAT IS TEACHER RESEARCH?

McCutcheon and Jung (1990) identify the core components of action research as systematic inquiry, reflexivity, and focus on the practical. It seeks to answer questions and solve problems that arise from the daily life of the classroom and to put findings into immediate practice (McKay, 1992; Twine & Martinek, 1992). Teacher researchers may work alone or collaboratively with other teachers, student teachers, or university researchers.

Systematic inquiry is the hallmark of effective teacher research (Shalaway, 1990). A variety of techniques and approaches are employed, including: experimental designs, systematic observation, descriptive research, and ethnographic/case studies (Wessinger, 1992; Eisenhart & Borko, 1993; Neubert, 1989; Downhower et al., 1990).

McKay (1992) describes action research as a six-step cyclical process: (1) identifying an issue or problem to study; (2) gathering and reviewing related information; (3) developing a plan of action; (4) implementing the plan; (5) evaluating results; and (6) repeating the cycle with a revised problem or strategy derived from what was learned in the first cycle, until the question is answered.

BENEFITS OF TEACHER RESEARCH

in their ability to individually and collectively promote change (Downhower et al., 1990; Nihlen, 1992). In addition to developing new intellectual and technical skills, conducting research often creates new career opportunities and roles for classroom teachers: e.g., writers, college instructors, teacher leaders (Shalaway, 1990). Downhower et al. (1990) and Nihlen (1992) indicate that teacher researchers become more critical and responsive readers and users of research.

Miller and Pine (1990) suggest that when teachers become agents of inquiry, the locus of knowledge about teaching shifts from sources external to the classroom (e.g., researchers, textbook publishers, administrators) to sources of practical classroom experience (i.e., teachers). This shift enhances the professional status of teaching because teachers, through this knowledge-construction, actively help to shape the knowledge base of their own profession (Johnson, 1993). Generally, teacher research is driven by the practitioner's desire to improve his or her own practice with respect to a specific problem and a specific set of students. Thus, students reap immediate benefits from the teacher's learning (Shalaway, 1990; Williamson, 1992).

USING ERIC TO PLAN, IMPLEMENT, & DISSEMINATE TEACHER RESEARCH

The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) can assist teacher researchers, at various stages of the systematic inquiry process, to access the "strong knowledge base" and "multifaceted support system" that Neubert (1989, p.9) asserts are needed to sustain research activity among classroom teachers. Systematic inquiry includes gathering and reviewing information on the question to be investigated. ERIC provides unmatched access to education literature and related resources, which can be accessed through a variety of media: print, microfiche, CD-ROM, commercial online services, and electronic networks such as the Internet.

Neubert (1989) includes publication of findings among the external support mechanisms that help to sustain teachers' enthusiasm for doing research because publication helps to validate the teacher's contribution to the professional knowledge base. ERIC supports teacher researchers' efforts to disseminate their work by: (1) abstracting and indexing journal articles and documents, which they submit, for the ERIC database; (2) making available paper copies and full-text versions of most articles and documents; and (3) providing assistance in locating print and electronic journals, as well as listservs and other electronic resources, that publish material related to teachers' areas of study. [Contact ACCESS ERIC, 1-800-LET-ERIC, for information on these services.]

ERIC RESOURCES & WHERE TO FIND THEM

The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a nationwide information network, which has been funded by the federal government since the mid-1960s (Stonehill & Brandhorst, 1992). The system consists of 16 subject area clearinghouses, a number of adjunct clearinghouses, and 4 support contact components [For contact information on all clearinghouses and other components, contact ACCESS ERIC: 1-800-LET ERIC.[

The ERIC database, the hub of the system, is the world's largest education-related database. It contains more than 800,000 abstracts of journal articles and documents such as research reports, conference papers, teaching guides, and nonprint media. The ERIC clearinghouses and adjunct clearinghouses collect, abstract, index, and catalog literature related to their specific scope areas (e.g., teaching and teacher education, assessment and evaluation, urban education, information and technology). The clearinghouses also publish bibliographies, monographs, and digests; perform customized searches of the database; and respond to scope-related inquiries.

Most university libraries, some public libraries, some school districts, and ERIC clearinghouses provide access to searchable print, CD-ROM, or online versions of the ERIC database. At present, there are also several Internet access points for the database. Paper copies of journal articles and documents are available. Full-text versions of approximately 95% of the documents are available on microfiche at more than 900 locations (Educational Resources Information Center [ERIC], 1994).

The Office of Educational Research and Information operates an Internet gopher site that provides direct access to a range of online ERIC resources and pointers to free online access to the database. AskERIC is an Internet-based information provider that offers individualized responses to education-related questions within 48 hours and maintains a free electronic library. The AskERIC Virtual Library is an FTP/gopher site that offers lesson plans; more than 1,000 2-page research syntheses (digests) on current topics; prepared ERIC searches on current topics; resource guides; archives of some education-related listservs; government information; remote access to library catalogs; and access to other gopher sites (ERIC, 1994).

The teacher researcher who consults ERIC resources might find journal articles that provide (1) a step-by-step account of how a practitioner carried out an action research project (Downhower et al., 1990); (2) strategies and resources for locating information on a particular topic (Keeney & Sunnarborg, 1992); (3) the location of teacher researcher support groups (Shalaway, 1990); and (4) a guide to basic data analysis for beginning researchers (Culkin & Davis, 1992). Internet-based ERIC resources can lead the teacher researcher to listservs for teachers; such as XTAR [contact information given below], a network for teacher researchers and others who want to share information on teacher research in general (B. Blanton, personal communication, October 6, 1994). Another valuable Internet-based ERIC resource for teacher researchers is the Test Locator--a searchable file, which can be used to locate data collection and evaluation instruments--on the ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation's gopher.

CONTACT INFORMATION

ACCESS ERIC--phone: 1-800-LET-ERIC--e-mail: [email protected]

AskERIC--phone: 1-800-464-9107--e-mail: [email protected]

Test Locator--phone: 1-800-464-3742--e-mail: eric[underscore][email protected]

XTAR--e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

REFERENCES

Culkin, D., & Davis, H. (1992). Basic data analysis for nonresearchers. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(9), 32-35. EJ461928

Downhower, S., Melvin, M. P., & Sizemore, P. (1990). Improving writing instruction through teacher action research. Journal of Staff Development, 11(3), 22-27. EJ430614

Educational Resources Information Center, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education. (1994). All about ERIC. Washington, DC: Author. [ERIC 94-5018].

Eisenhart, M., & Borko, H. (1993). Designing classroom research: Themes, issues, and struggles. Allyn & Bacon: Needham, MA. ED 370 906

Johnson, B. (1993). Teacher-as-researcher. ERIC Digest 92-7. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education. ED355205

Keeney, G., & Sunnarborg K. R. (1992). Strategies for identifying health information--One practitioner's experience. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(9), 26-28. EJ461928

McCutcheon, G., & Jung, B. (1990). Alternative perspectives on action research. Theory into Practice, 29, 144-151. EJ417491

McKay, J. A. (1992). Professional development through action research. Journal of Staff Development, 13(1), 18-21. EJ460505

Miller, D. M., & Pine, G. J. (1990). Advancing professional inquiry for educational improvement through action research. Journal of Staff Development, 11(3), 56-61. EJ430617

Neubert, G. A. (1989). Supporting teacher research. Teacher Educator, 25(1) 2-9. EJ407848

Nihlen, A. S. (1992, April). Schools as centers for reflection and inquiry: Research for teacher empowerment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. ED354584

Shalaway, L. (1990). Tap into teacher research. Instructor, 100(1) 34-38. EJ417470

Stonehill, R. M., & Brandhorst, T. (1992). The three phases of ERIC. Educational Researcher 21(3), 18-21. EJ445360

Twine, J., & Martinek, T. J. (1992). Teachers as researchers--An application of a collaborative action research model. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(9), 22-25. EJ461928

Wessinger, N. P. (1992). Demystifying research for the practitioner--How do I find out what I want to know? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(9), 12-16. EJ461928

Williamson, K. M. (1992). Relevance or rigor--A case for teacher as researcher. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(9), 17-21. EJ461928